Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of human-made chemicals that have been widely used globally since the 1950s due to their heat, water, and oil-resistant properties. In Australia, PFAS usage and subsequent contamination have raised significant environmental and public health concerns, primarily due to their persistence in the environment and potential bioaccumulation in human and animal tissues.

PFAS contamination in Australia became a prominent issue following several high-profile incidents in Williamtown, New South Wales, Oakey, Queensland, and Katherine in the Northern Territory. These cases were typically associated with the use of firefighting foam at defence sites, which led to PFAS contamination of soil and water resources, raising fears about wider ecological impacts and potential entry into the food chain.

While the official position regarding the health effects of PFAS has been cautious, a number of emerging studies suggest potential links between PFAS exposure and a variety of health conditions. These include elevated cholesterol levels, changes in liver function, a reduced response to vaccines, an increased risk of certain types of cancer, and potential impacts on fertility and child development.

In response to the PFAS issue, there have been increased calls for the Australian Government and scientific community to further investigate the impacts of these substances. Key areas of focus include understanding the full spectrum of PFAS-related health and environmental impacts and developing effective strategies for PFAS remediation and management. As of now, the narrative of PFAS in Australia continues to evolve, marking a significant chapter in the country’s environmental health history.